What Saudi Arabia Wants
The rise of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, coupled with pressure from successive US administrations, caused Saudi Arabia to turn inward in recent years. But the Kingdom has now reemerged as a leading regional player – with a strategic wish list to match.
The Kingdom’s low
regional profile during its internal reshuffle was also prudent given
the external environment – particularly pressure from the United States,
for decades the country’s primary ally. In January 2020, President
Donald Trump gave the green light to a Middle East peace plan
that was impossible for Israelis and Palestinians to agree on, let
alone implement, and demanded that America’s Gulf allies, most notably
Saudi Arabia, support it. Some duly paid lip service to the proposal,
and lavish conferences to discuss it took place in some regional
capitals.
But wise heads in the region knew that the Trump plan was
mere hot air that would flow away once the proposal’s inexperienced
architects were no longer in the White House. Saudi Arabia welcomed
visitors and organized displays of traditional sword-dancing to
entertain US dignitaries, but otherwise chose to remain on the
sidelines.
When President Joe Biden’s administration took office, the
Saudis sensed peril. The real issue was not Biden’s stated intention to
treat Saudi Arabia as a “pariah” after the US concluded that MBS had approved the 2018 murder in Istanbul of the dissident Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.
Rather, policymakers in Riyadh fretted over the Biden administration’s
conviction that America must reposition itself strategically in the
Middle East by moving away from its longstanding security guarantees to
Gulf states and fostering a new understanding with Iran. This amounted
to an attempt to revive the thinking that led to the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran under President Barack Obama’s administration.
Biden’s inauguration marked the second time in a decade that Saudi
Arabia became convinced that the US could abruptly change one of its
long-held foreign-policy positions. It also occurred in the wake of the
2011 Arab uprisings, when America decided to abandon longtime allies,
primarily Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and champion a wave of
change that Saudi Arabia and other traditional powers in the Arab world
had deemed acutely dangerous. Saudi policymakers concluded that the
Kingdom (and the royal family) must not rely on the US for security,
which helps to explain the Kingdom’s assertive efforts to secure its own
backyard.
MBS has gone well beyond marginalizing rivals and rearranging the Kingdom’s power structures. He has also subtly transformed the basis of the regime’s rule by effectively ending its alliance with the puritanical Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam. Concurrently he has championed social reforms – affecting women’s rights, social interactions, and entertainment – in a Kingdom that throughout its history has been cloaked in cultural austerity. The prince is building a new power structure, political constituency, and source of legitimacy.
Nowadays, MBS is also turning his energies to regional matters. His tour of Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey in June was not merely a display of Saudi Arabia’s financial clout at a time when almost all non-oil-exporting Middle Eastern countries are suffering increasing economic difficulties. More significantly, the trip showed that the Kingdom is again one of the region’s most influential actors.MBS’s visit to Turkey
was a notable win for the Kingdom, and not only because bilateral ties
had been strained by the Khashoggi murder, which was carried out at the
Saudi consulate in Istanbul. For over a decade, Turkey was the most
vocal supporter – and a leading base – of Islamist political forces that
Saudi Arabia regarded as threats to regional stability. But Turkish
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, facing a deepening economic crisis at
home, recognized the need to improve the countries’ relationship.
Saudi Arabia’s biggest diplomatic coup, however, will be Biden’s visit to the Kingdom
this week. While his trip may be largely a consequence of the recent
surge in energy prices triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it
would underscore that the Kingdom is not to be shunned, much less antagonized.
Saudi Arabia will use these wins to secure three objectives. First, it
will subtly assert that it is the leading Arab and Sunni power. This is
more than a matter of prestige: It makes the Kingdom a key interlocutor in any diplomatic deal with Iran. Second, the Kingdom wants to influence the course of Arab-Israeli cooperation, especially with respect to the increasingly important issue of natural-gas exports
from the Eastern Mediterranean to Europe. And, third, the Saudis intend
to play a significant role in shaping the new order that will emerge in
the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly the future of Lebanon and Iraq,
as well as in determining the pace of Syria’s return to Arab politics.
Almost 50 years ago, before embarking on his first tour
of the Middle East and the Gulf in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War,
US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger remarked that in many ways Riyadh
would be his most important destination.
His insight remains true today. As Saudi Arabia returns to the regional
fold, understanding its internal dynamics and external objectives is as
crucial as ever.
Tarek Osman is the author of Islamism: What It Means for the Middle East and the World (Yale University Press, 2016) and Egypt on the Brink (Yale University Press, 2010).
LONDON – For the past five years or so, Saudi Arabia was either following the United Arab Emirates or simply absent on all key strategic issues in the Gulf, the Middle East, and North Africa. But the Kingdom has now reemerged as a leading regional player – with a foreign-policy wish list to match.