China Massively Expands Diplomacy And Investments In Latin America And The Caribbean
Trade and investment growing at annual rates of 30% plus
China has actively been promoting investments and trade in Latin America. Last year, the Chinese Government arranged a series of ‘Latin America training’ sessions for Chinese businesses, examining the business environment, industrial characteristics and relevant investment policies in the region. It subsequently published an investment guide to help Chinese enterprises invest in Latin America. While these outbound Chinese investment initiatives are not unusual, they are in the regional context as Latin America is very much a United States investment play. Yet decades of mismanagement, exploitation and political interference have not properly aligned the region to the United States as say China has achieved with ASEAN. As a result, Latin American governments and businesses are looking to China, and to some extent Russia to boost investments, manufacturing, and exports from the region to markets in Eurasia and Asia.
Argentina for example has recently joined China’s Belt and Road Initiative while the Brazilian President has signed off significant trade agreements with Russia – all the more pertinent for the latter given the collapse of EU trade over Ukraine.
China-Latin America Trade & Investment Trends
In terms of China, 2020 data shows that China-Latin America trade in goods reached US$316.64 billion, while for the eight months January to August 2021, it reached US$289.72 billion, suggesting a YoY increase of at least 35%.
Chinese regional investment has also been growing. In 2020, China’s direct investment in Latin American industry was US$16.66 billion, and from January to August 2021, China’s direct investment in the same was US$15.09 billion, again implying a significant YoY increase. The region has reciprocated, by mid-2020 China’s Ministry of Commerce state that in total, Latin American and Caribbean countries have invested and established 34,633 enterprises in China, with a total investment amount of US$237.05 billion.
The Belt and Road Initiative in Latin America
22 Latin American and Caribbean nations have signed up to China’s Belt & Road Initiative. We identify them in this map as follows.
China-Latin America Free Trade Agreements & Potential
Latin America has a massive free trade bloc in the form of Mercosur, which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and associate members Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname. It operates as a customs union, within which there is free intra-zone trade and a common trade policy between member countries. In 2021, Mercosur had a nominal GDP of about US$5.1 trillion. It has a population of about 295 million and an average GDP per capita (allowing for a significantly wide income range) of about US$11,887.
Within Latin America, China has Free Trade Agreements with Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru, is in negotiations with Panama and conducting a feasibility study for an FTA with Colombia. There has been some discussion of China entering into a complete FTA with Mercosur, a situation we examined previously in this article here.
It is also pertinent to note that China is a member of the BRICS grouping which includes Brazil and operates the multilateral New Development Bank (NDB).
Doing business with Chinese companies does require some expertise as contractual obligations and the understanding of these between the Chinese and Latin American legal systems can be different. We advise professional advise be taken when looking to partner with Chinese businesses and investments and can liaise with Latin American legal and advisory counsel to assist.
Likewise, accessing the China market also requires risk and some basic protections such as brand protections as well as market research and contact with pertinent distributors and buyers. Verification is strongly recommended as to the quality of potential Chinese partners. Please contact us at china@dezshira.com for assistance.