China-West rivalry hits the Pacific as Wang Yi comes calling with security deals
- US-led
IPEF signs up Fiji, and Australia asserts no-strings support for
Pacific nations, as jostling with China over closer ties with region
picks up pace
- ‘Whoever controls these islands controls the Pacific Ocean’, China-based analyst notes
Laura Zhou28 May, 2022
The Pacific islands are fast becoming a new front in geopolitical
rivalry, with the US, China and Australia all stepping up engagement
with the strategically important region.
In the latest event
highlighting bitter China-US rivalry over Pacific influence, Fiji became
the first country in the region to join the Washington-led Indo-Pacific
Economic Framework (IPEF), with the White House announcing the move
just days ahead of a visit to the island nation by the Chinese foreign
minister. The
IPEF, a trade initiative launched by US President Joe Biden during his
trip to Japan last week, is the economic pillar of his Indo-Pacific
strategy aiming to counter China’s expanding clout.
Fiji became the 14th nation overall to join the pact, with the White House declaration coming just as Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi touched down in the Solomon Islands – the first stop of a 10-day, eight-nation South Pacific tour aimed at expanding Chinese military, economic and diplomatic ties.
News that China had signed a security pact with the Solomons earlier this year was met with alarm by Pacific neighbours US, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, over concerns that the deal would pave the way to a Chinese naval base there.
As China’s top diplomat met senior officials in the Solomons capital Honiara to hail the “spirit of South-South cooperation of mutual support and mutual assistance”, Australia’s new foreign minister, Penny Wong, arrived in Fiji for her first Pacific visit.
Addressing the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat in the Fijian capital Suva, Wong pledged to work with neighbours in the region to tackle climate change, an issue she said had long been neglected by previous Australian governments.
“We are listening and we have heard you,” Wong said.
In
veiled criticism of China’s attempts to increase its influence in the
region, Wong reaffirmed Australia’s commitment to the Pacific, saying
this came with no strings attached.
“Australia will
be a partner that doesn’t come with strings attached – nor imposing
unsustainable financial burdens,” said Wong, who flew in from Japan
after joining Quad talks there alongside recently elected Australian
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.
“We are a partner that won’t erode Pacific priorities or Pacific institutions – we believe in transparency, we believe in true partnerships.”
Location, location, location
The South Pacific consists of 14 independent states and other dependencies administered by the US, France, Australia and New Zealand. Tiny in terms of both size and population, these scattered islands in the southern hemisphere were long considered a geoeconomic backwater after the Cold War. However, they have come under the geopolitical spotlight in recent years, largely after a steady increase in China’s engagement with the region, according to Yu Lei, chief fellow of the Pacific Island countries research centre at Liaocheng University, in the eastern Chinese province of Shandong.
The Pacific Theatre of World War II was a crucial battleground between American and Japanese forces, starting with the attack on Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. This demonstrated the region’s military significance, particularly in maintaining logistical supply lines and for military power projection, Yu noted.
“Whoever controls these islands controls the Pacific Ocean,” Yu said. “This is why the West believes the Pacific Islands are important.”
“We are a partner that won’t erode Pacific priorities or Pacific institutions – we believe in transparency, we believe in true partnerships.”
Location, location, location
The South Pacific consists of 14 independent states and other dependencies administered by the US, France, Australia and New Zealand. Tiny in terms of both size and population, these scattered islands in the southern hemisphere were long considered a geoeconomic backwater after the Cold War. However, they have come under the geopolitical spotlight in recent years, largely after a steady increase in China’s engagement with the region, according to Yu Lei, chief fellow of the Pacific Island countries research centre at Liaocheng University, in the eastern Chinese province of Shandong.
The Pacific Theatre of World War II was a crucial battleground between American and Japanese forces, starting with the attack on Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. This demonstrated the region’s military significance, particularly in maintaining logistical supply lines and for military power projection, Yu noted.
“Whoever controls these islands controls the Pacific Ocean,” Yu said. “This is why the West believes the Pacific Islands are important.”
Yu said
this could also partly explain why the US and its allies were so
concerned over China’s influence in the region, which controls access to
Hawaii and the west coasts of the US and South America.
“The West is worried that once China’s ties with the Pacific Islands are strong enough, when China asks to establish a military base in the region, these islands would say yes, and this would allow China to break through the so-called two island chains.”
“The West is worried that once China’s ties with the Pacific Islands are strong enough, when China asks to establish a military base in the region, these islands would say yes, and this would allow China to break through the so-called two island chains.”
Yu was referring to the
geographical security concept crafted by the US in the 1940s – where the
first island chain is the southern tip of Japan through the
Philippines, and the second includes Japan, the Marianas and Guam – as
defensive buffer zones to deter the maritime ambitions of both China and
the former Soviet Union.
The view from Beijing
Chinese ties with the region came under renewed scrutiny last month after Beijing confirmed a wide-ranging security pact with the Solomon Islands, raising fears this could allow China to get a military foothold in the Pacific, even though Foreign Minister Wang has denied any plans of building a naval base there.
According to the Chinese foreign ministry, Wang’s ongoing trip to the South Pacific will also include visits to Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor Leste, rounded off with a stop at Fiji, where he will chair the second China-Pacific Island Countries Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Suva.
However, Reuters said leaked documents showed China was aiming for deals with at least 10 Pacific island countries on policing, cybersecurity, maritime surveillance, fishing rights and the setting up of a free trade area, apart from climate change and pandemic control.
The view from Beijing
Chinese ties with the region came under renewed scrutiny last month after Beijing confirmed a wide-ranging security pact with the Solomon Islands, raising fears this could allow China to get a military foothold in the Pacific, even though Foreign Minister Wang has denied any plans of building a naval base there.
According to the Chinese foreign ministry, Wang’s ongoing trip to the South Pacific will also include visits to Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor Leste, rounded off with a stop at Fiji, where he will chair the second China-Pacific Island Countries Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Suva.
However, Reuters said leaked documents showed China was aiming for deals with at least 10 Pacific island countries on policing, cybersecurity, maritime surveillance, fishing rights and the setting up of a free trade area, apart from climate change and pandemic control.
Mihai Sora, project director for the
Australia–PNG Network at the Sydney-based Lowy Institute, said China’s
proposed security cooperation with Pacific countries had raised concerns
among regional leaders about the destabilising effects of geopolitical
competition.
According to Associated Press, President David Panuelo of Micronesia said he would not sign up to China’s “Common Development Vision”, raising strong concerns about challenges to Pacific sovereignty by the kind of security arrangements proposed, which he said would open the doors for Beijing to own and control the region’s fisheries and communications infrastructure.
A Kiribati official also told Reuters that the country was not keen on a security arrangement with China, and would only focus on mutual trade and tourism opportunities.
Sora said Beijing might seek “practical results” from Wang’s trip. “In seeking such a comprehensive regional agreement with Pacific countries, it is evident China seeks to change the regional order in the Pacific,” he noted.
According to Associated Press, President David Panuelo of Micronesia said he would not sign up to China’s “Common Development Vision”, raising strong concerns about challenges to Pacific sovereignty by the kind of security arrangements proposed, which he said would open the doors for Beijing to own and control the region’s fisheries and communications infrastructure.
A Kiribati official also told Reuters that the country was not keen on a security arrangement with China, and would only focus on mutual trade and tourism opportunities.
Sora said Beijing might seek “practical results” from Wang’s trip. “In seeking such a comprehensive regional agreement with Pacific countries, it is evident China seeks to change the regional order in the Pacific,” he noted.
Yu at Liaocheng University, however, argued that Beijing’s interests mostly focused on the economy and diplomacy.
Each of the 14 sovereign states in the South Pacific has a vote at international bodies such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization, Yu pointed out. This made the region unique, “especially when it comes to contentious issues [for Beijing] like Taiwan, Xinjiang and human rights”, he said.
Climate change and infrastructure
The picturesque Pacific Islands, which are largely economically depressed and heavily dependent on tourism, had suffered greatly from the Covid-19 pandemic and the resultant collapse of the travel industry, Yu added. “So the island countries may ask for more Chinese investment to help revive their economy, for example, to pump some blood into the fishery and tourism sectors which are two major sources of revenue for the Pacific Islands,” he said.
During Wang’s tour, Beijing may also seek to play up its support to fight climate change, widely considered to be a top threat to the Pacific Islands.Yu said there was a real need to improve infrastructure, as most Pacific archipelagos were vulnerable to natural disasters. “They may want China to build new roads and bridges, because climate change is not a problem that can be solved in a day or two. Still, people need to carry on with their lives, and without roads and bridges it would be very difficult,” he said. “So for the Pacific Islands, infrastructure construction is a very pressing issue, too.”
Laura Zhou
Each of the 14 sovereign states in the South Pacific has a vote at international bodies such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization, Yu pointed out. This made the region unique, “especially when it comes to contentious issues [for Beijing] like Taiwan, Xinjiang and human rights”, he said.
Climate change and infrastructure
The picturesque Pacific Islands, which are largely economically depressed and heavily dependent on tourism, had suffered greatly from the Covid-19 pandemic and the resultant collapse of the travel industry, Yu added. “So the island countries may ask for more Chinese investment to help revive their economy, for example, to pump some blood into the fishery and tourism sectors which are two major sources of revenue for the Pacific Islands,” he said.
During Wang’s tour, Beijing may also seek to play up its support to fight climate change, widely considered to be a top threat to the Pacific Islands.Yu said there was a real need to improve infrastructure, as most Pacific archipelagos were vulnerable to natural disasters. “They may want China to build new roads and bridges, because climate change is not a problem that can be solved in a day or two. Still, people need to carry on with their lives, and without roads and bridges it would be very difficult,” he said. “So for the Pacific Islands, infrastructure construction is a very pressing issue, too.”
Laura Zhou