[Salon] Change winds blowing in the GCC



Change winds blowing in the GCC

Summary: the recent decision by OPEC+ to cut production was a jab in the eye to the West but one that has been a long time coming.

We thank Matthew Hedges for today’s newsletter. Matthew is an academic focussing on authoritarian regimes with an emphasis on the monarchies of the Gulf states. He is the author of Reinventing the Sheikhdom: Clan, Power and Patronage in Mohammed bin Zayed’s UAE published by Hurst in June. You can find Matthew’s podcast conversation about the book here.

The Gulf’s relationship with the West has faced a decade of uncertainty. US willingness to stand by while popular uprisings overthrew longstanding Middle East allies during the Arab Spring  - and in the case of Bahrain show tepid support for the pro-democracy movement - left a significant impact on the GCC states. The unease has since been combined with a messy retreat from Afghanistan and a reluctance to co-operate with the GCC in their war to defeat the Houthis in Yemen. While political change is a regular event in the democratic West, this decade has also witnessed leadership changes in every Gulf monarchy bar Bahrain, with the rise of leaders who do not subscribe to the old formulas that had previously defined relations. Thus, a confluence of events has emerged to reinforce the GCC’s growing negative perception of the West and most particularly of America.

It should therefore come as no surprise that the GCC states are increasingly acting in a manner that is deviating from traditional relationships of alliance with the West. Brexit, disintegration of European unity, the effects of the Trump administration, a rising China and COVID have further stressed international dynamics. For the GCC, this has simply accelerated the perception that their future lies East. UAE Senior Diplomatic Advisor to the President, Anwar Gargash highlighted this point when the US lent on their Gulf ally to halt the construction of a Chinese military facility in Abu Dhabi. Gargash stated that the UAE and the GCC are worried about another cold war saying “that is bad news for all of us because the idea of choosing is problematic in the international system, and I think this is not going to be an easy ride.” While the UAE did indeed stop construction, the decision to have allowed it in the first place signifies a misstep by the Emiratis who should have realised the base would be viewed as a threat to the West. There is little room for negotiation over space for another military competitor within the GCC and in this regard, had the base gone ahead Abu Dhabi would have been forced to a decision: transfer responsibility to China as security guarantor or maintain ties to the West.


President Putin gave Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed his coat to protect him from the cold St. Petersburg weather after the two men met at the Konstantinovsky Palace on 12 October [photo credit: Russia TV]

Divergent Point

Through the lens of energy politics, the West has sought to engage its partners to support efforts to isolate Putin. But during the recent OPEC+ meeting in Vienna, a Saudi-led decision was taken to cut production with the clear intent to push prices upward. The White House was enraged by the decision as President Biden is striving to rein in what Americans are paying at the pumps ahead of the November mid-terms. American anger aside, the production cut and concomitant price rise not only directly assists President Putin to maintain his war on Russia through increased revenue, globally it hurts a wide array of states struggling with high inflation and the looming threat of recession. After the previous failed approaches by Biden and former UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson to encourage the GCC states to increase oil production, the fault line is now clear to all. As a result, the White House announced it is re-evaluating its relationship with Saudi Arabia and many high level political figures have been blunt in their criticism, calling for a freeze on future cooperation including arms sales. Of note: while the Saudis led the OPEC production cut initiative, there was no significant opposition from its regional allies, suggesting a collective political intent.

The political significance of their collective action must be understood within the context of Putin’s war. By embarking on this strategy, the GCC has aligned with Russia and is actively opposing Western efforts to back Ukraine. The war in Ukraine, as the GCC sees it, is not within their direct geographic sphere and  therefore not a security concern. The GCC is also reflecting that when concerns over its own security from Iran and the Houthis were raised, these were rubbished by the White House, to the point where US support for the war in Yemen was halted. Curtailing oil production could be seen as petulance but is also the culmination of a decade of mistrust.

North-South Corridor

The UAE’s rapid growth in international standing has won many plaudits. It has been able to expertly manage strategic narratives to align with foreign partners on issues such as countering violent extremism. Under the leadership of Mohammed bin Zayed (MbZ) the UAE has grown assertive in its foreign policy, engaging in conflicts in Mali, Libya, Sudan, and Yemen.  His diplomatic initiatives include building a strong relationship with Putin’s Russia. Putin, for his part, sees the UAE as an extremely useful partner in his longstanding goal to build an economic and transportation corridor to markets in Asia.

After OPEC’s decision to cut production, MbZ travelled to Moscow for a state visit. The UAE has tried to claim the visit was intended to help support peace talks. But the timing and intention are clear. If Abu Dhabi had wanted to signal a cautious approach and claim neutrality, UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed would have made the trip, or a phone call would have taken place. Instead, an in-person meeting illustrated the strength of Emirati-Russian ties.

Military support and cooperation between the UAE and Russia is active across Africa, defence platforms manufactured in the UAE have been seen in the hands of Russian and Chechyen troops in Ukraine and the UAE has become a key outlet for Russia to continue its trade in oil and chemicals to Asia.  Even so, it is the Saudis who have drawn the ire of Washington while the UAE’s close engagements with Moscow have either been ignored or are simply not known about.

Kyiv is more than aware of the strong relationship between the UAE and Russia and does not see MbZ as a neutral actor. President Zelensky can point to the UAE initially refraining from condemning Russia’s invasion and throughout the war to the visits senior Emirati officials have routinely made to Moscow. Dialogue with Kyiv, on the other hand, is sparse.

While attempts will be made to reshape the narrative of recent events within the GCC, for the West  the deterioration of trust and confidence cannot simply be ignored. It will lead to further strains. Neither MbS nor MbZ have travelled to the US in recent years due to the former’s involvement in the murder of Jamal Khashoggi and the latter’s in Russian interference  in the election that brought Trump to power. As things stand, it does not look like either will return to Washington in the foreseeable future. The decisions to align so closely with Russia indicates a sea change within GCC policy that could have seismic implications for the long-term.


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