[Salon] Egypt's internal struggles amidst Gaza fallout and economic woes



Egypt's internal struggles amidst Gaza fallout and economic woes

Summary: Egypt's regime has been actively suppressing pro-Palestinian solidarity efforts, including blocking aid convoys and deporting activists, while simultaneously facing severe domestic and regional challenges such as economic instability exacerbated by the Israeli strike on Iran, a potential new US travel ban, and controversial land sales to service national debt.

We thank Hossam el-Hamalawy for today’s newsletter, an edited version of his 3Arabawy Egypt Security Sector Report. Hossam is a journalist and scholar-activist, currently based in Germany. He was involved in the Egyptian labour movement and was one of the organisers of the 2011 revolution. Follow his writings on Substack and X. 

Crackdown on Gaza Solidarity Convoys

Egypt’s regime moved last week to block two pro-Palestinian solidarity convoys—the Tunisian-led “Qafilat al-Sumoud” (Convoy of Steadfastness) and a Global March to Gaza—from reaching the Rafah crossing to break Gaza’s siege. Egyptian authorities refused to allow the North African Sumoud convoy to enter from Libya, citing national legal and security regulations. An Egyptian Foreign Ministry statement on 11 June insisted that no convoy or foreign delegation can cross Egyptian territory toward Rafah without prior official coordination and compliance with border security procedures. Organisers noted that they had submitted transit requests weeks in advance but received no response, affirming that they respected Egyptian regulations and “national security concerns.” The convoy remained stranded at the Libyan-Egyptian border after Cairo’s refusal.

Meanwhile, Egyptian security forces carried out mass deportations of “Global March to Gaza” participants arriving in Cairo. Hundreds of foreign activists—including Arabs, Turks, and Europeans—were detained at Cairo International Airport and denied entry. Police repeatedly raided downtown Cairo hotels to round up foreign activists.

Authorities targeted travelers wearing Palestinian scarves or carrying flags. Several Turkish nationals were also deported after being spotted displaying Palestinian flags outside their Cairo hotel. Those who managed to enter Cairo were eventually stopped by the security forces in the Sharqiya province. Others were stopped at Ismailia and denied permission to cross the Suez Canal. Another round of arrests ensued, as the police violently dispersed the activists, with the help of plainclothes thugs, and forced them to return to Cairo.

Throughout this period, Egyptian state-aligned media and officials waged a smear campaign against the convoys. Regime publicists portrayed the initiatives as foreign “plots” or PR stunts aimed at embarrassing Egypt and undermining its security. For example, TV host Ahmed Moussa warned that the Sumoud convoy was a “trap” designed to put Egypt in a “highly awkward position” if it either allowed or blocked it. Some narratives even suggested the activists were provocateurs serving an external agenda.


President Sisi in one of his new palaces beneath a quote from the Qur'an emblazoned in gold on the ceiling which reads: “And Pharaoh proclaimed among his people: 'O my people, do I not possess the kingdom of Egypt, and these rivers flowing beneath me? What, do you not see?'” [Chapter (43) sūrat l-zukh'ruf (The Gold Adornment), Arberry translation]

Cairo Scrambles as Israeli Strike on Iran Cuts Gas, Shakes Region

Following Israel’s overnight military assault on Iranian territory, including Tehran and Natanz, the Middle East entered a phase of heightened instability. Egypt condemned the attack, warning of its impact on regional and international security. The Foreign Ministry reiterated its commitment to a political resolution to regional crises and rejected unilateral military actions.

The Egyptian armed forces were placed on high alert and conducted nationwide air defence drills amid rising concerns about a broader Iran-Israel conflict, according to sources cited by The National. Combat units throughout the country, particularly in the Sinai Peninsula, were placed on maximum alert, with air defence tests carried out in nearly all 27 provinces.

Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly held urgent meetings with the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance to boost the strategic reserves of key commodities. EgyptAir canceled flights to Beirut, Amman, Baghdad, and Irbil. 

Economically, the fallout was immediate. Bloomberg stated: ‘Egypt’s pound weakened and its stock market plunged the most in five years as the escalating conflict between Israel and Iran stoked fears of a wider regional war. The pound was trading at 50.74 per US dollar at Cairo’s banks by 12:45 p.m. on Sunday, down from about 49.8 last week. The benchmark EGX30 index, meanwhile, tumbled as much as 7.7% on its first day of trading since Israel struck Iranian nuclear and military facilities. It later pared some of those losses.’

Moreover, Israeli gas supplies to Egypt and Jordan dropped sharply after Tel Aviv halted production at its offshore fields in anticipation of further escalation. Emergency protocols were implemented to maintain the stability of the electricity grid and reduce demand on natural gas. Coordination is ongoing to restart disrupted imports, though officials remain uncertain about the timeline. Sources confirmed to Mada Masr that gas supply cuts had been made to the industrial sector. Egyptian fertilizer producers were forced to halt operations on Friday, sources told Reuters. The following day, the government halted the supply of mazut and diesel to factories that use them as fuel in industries such as food and cement for a period of 14 days. The aim is to save around 8,000 tons of mazut per day to meet the power stations’ needs until imported shipments arrive, according to a government official speaking to Asharq.

Egypt uses mazut and diesel as supplementary fuels for power plants alongside domestically produced and imported natural gas, especially during times of gas supply shortages.

This marks the second major disruption in under a month, revealing Egypt’s deepening vulnerability to regional energy shocks.

Ironically, despite the crisis, Egypt began yesterday pumping natural gas to Jordan at a rate of 100 million cubic feet per day to operate power stations, following the disruption of supplies from Israel after the outbreak of the war between Israel and Iran, according to two officials from the Egyptian and Jordanian governments who spoke to Asharq on condition of anonymity. In December 2024, Egypt had signed an agreement with Jordan to make use of Egyptian infrastructure, including floating storage and regasification units, to secure Amman’s liquefied natural gas needs over the next two years.

Egypt has been attempting to simultaneously expand gas imports and liberalise its electricity sector in response to domestic shortages and international market pressures. The government has agreed to purchase up to 160 cargoes of liquefied natural gas (LNG) through 2026, at an estimated cost exceeding $8 billion. This marks a shift from Egypt’s earlier ambitions to export gas, following a sharp decline in domestic production and recurring blackouts. Major suppliers include Shell, Aramco, and Vitol, with deliveries priced at a premium over the Dutch TTF benchmark and mostly structured with deferred payments.

In parallel, the state is advancing electricity liberalisation by granting licences to four renewable energy companies—Enara, Taqa Arabia, AMEA Power, and Neptune Energy—to sell power directly to industrial consumers using the national grid. This policy shift is framed as part of Egypt’s green transition, although natural gas still accounts for 79% of the electricity mix.

Taqa Arabia is 20% owned by the Egyptian military’s NSPO. Enara is a privately held Egyptian renewables developer with backing from regional investors. AMEA Power is based in the UAE, while Neptune Energy is headquartered in the UK.

Egypt Among States Facing New US Travel Ban Threat

The Trump administration is considering adding Egypt to an expanded travel ban list that includes 36 countries, according to a State Department memo reviewed by The Washington Post. The memo, signed by Secretary of State Marco Rubio, gives the listed governments—including Egypt—a 60-day deadline to meet new U.S. security and documentation benchmarks or face visa restrictions. This move marks a significant escalation in Trump’s second-term immigration crackdown, reigniting concerns about the discriminatory nature of such bans.

Sisi Mortgages Red Sea Coastline to Finance Debt

In a controversial move, Sisi has issued a decree allocating over 415,000 feddans (1,743,000,000 m²) of Red Sea coastline to the Ministry of Finance “for the purpose of reducing public debt and issuing sovereign bonds.” The decree, published in the official gazette on 4 June 2025, explicitly reserves strategic military land for the Armed Forces, exempting it from sale. The decision sparked fierce backlash online, with critics warning of further erosion of state assets and raising alarms about the ongoing mortgaging of public property to meet financial obligations.

This follows a pattern of land and asset transfers, especially to Gulf allies, in recent years amid worsening economic conditions. The move deepens public concerns about the long-term implications for sovereignty, transparency, and the social contract.

The Finance Ministry stated on Thursday that the land would not be sold but would be used as collateral for sukuk (Islamic bonds) to reduce debt and finance the state budget.

The government intends to issue $1 billion worth of sukuk in a private offering to the State of Kuwait, with plans to issue sovereign sukuk in a public international offering starting from the new fiscal year, according to officials speaking to Asharq.

Debt service has consumed approximately 62% of the government’s expenditure in the Financial Year 2024/25 and will eat up 62.8% in the FY 2025/26.

BCG to Oversee Egypt’s Military Privatisation Amid Backlash Over Gaza, Israeli Ties

On 9 April 2025, Egypt’s Cabinet signed an agreement with Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and other advisory firms to restructure and privatise five military-owned companies - Wataniya, Safi, ChillOut, Silos, and National Foods. This marks the first large-scale privatisation of military enterprises since the establishment of the National Service Projects Organisation (NSPO) in 1979, under ongoing pressure from the IMF to downsize the military’s role in the economy.

BCG also began operations in Israel in 2010, offering consulting services to leading firms in the technology, energy, defence, and public sectors—many of which are directly linked to the Israeli army and government. Notably, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu worked as an economic consultant at BCG between 1976 and 1978 after graduating from MIT.

The firm is also instrumental in establishing the atrocious Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF) in late 2024. Designed as an alternative aid mechanism for Gaza, GHF was involved in creating four tightly controlled aid distribution points in southern Gaza, operating with direct coordination with the Israeli military. The system led to deadly chaos, with dozens of Palestinians killed by Israeli gunfire while queuing for food.

BCG’s dual role—consulting for both the Egyptian military’s privatisation and coordinating Gaza aid with the Israeli army—has drawn scrutiny over ethical conflicts and regional entanglements.

Fortress Europe Claims More Lives

The bodies of ten irregular migrants washed ashore near Marsa Matrouh last week. The victims—a Libyan, a Sudanese, and eight Egyptians—are believed to have departed from Libya. The Libyan coast guard also intercepted a boat carrying 93 irregular migrants from Egypt and Sudan yesterday.

Sudanese refugees fleeing war are increasingly abandoning Egypt for Libya and Europe due to worsening conditions in Egypt, including economic hardship, bureaucratic hurdles, and a government crackdown on migrants. Many face detention or deportation, despite holding UNHCR status. A 134% rise in Sudanese arrivals in Europe was recorded in early 2025, even as overall migration dropped. Egypt denies mistreatment, but critics cite a 2024 asylum law and rising deportations. Libya, though dangerous, has become a key transit point. Meanwhile, the EU has pledged €7.4 billion to Egypt to curb migration, prompting criticism of its role in externalising border controls.

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