Japan’s Middle East oil habit gets an Iran war reality check
As an archipelago nation with no cross-border pipelines, Japan draws more than 95 per cent of its crude from the Middle East and routes the bulk of it through the very chokepoint that Iran shut.
“This latest geopolitical shock once again highlights the structural tension in Japan’s energy strategy,” said Parul Bakshi, a visiting research fellow at The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
“The real test will be whether Japan can convert this moment of vulnerability into a catalyst for long-term energy transformation.”
Oil prices in Japan surged more than 80 per cent in the month following the US-Israeli strikes on Iran that triggered the closure of Hormuz.
In some cities, including Kobe and Kyoto, petrol prices doubled, according to Japanese media – with predictable knock-on disruption to public transport.
The price spike put further strain on an economy already grappling with inflation and supply-chain pressures on petroleum-derived goods.
Energy-intensive sectors such as petrochemicals, refining and manufacturing typically felt such shocks first, she said, adding that the combination of high, volatile energy prices and a weak yen risked rapidly driving up costs for households and industry alike.
‘Real risk to Japan’
Among developed nations, Japan is one of the most vulnerable to energy shocks, according to Jane Nakano, a senior fellow at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington who specialises in energy security.
Not only does its cramped geography limit the use of renewables, but the 2011 Fukushima disaster, which forced the evacuation of 164,000 people from radiation-contaminated areas, left a legacy of scepticism towards nuclear power.
Most Japanese refineries, meanwhile, are designed to optimally process medium crude: the grade common in Middle Eastern fields.
“This war in the Gulf is unprecedented and is a real risk to Japan,” said Ben Cahill, director for energy markets and policy at the University of Texas’ Centre for Energy and Environmental Systems Analysis.
Oil and oil products still account for the largest share, at 37 per cent, of Japan’s total energy mix, according to the International Energy Agency.
Switching to light crude from the US or heavy crude from Latin America would entail additional processing costs, said energy policy analyst Masahide Takahashi, a senior research fellow at the Middle East Institute of Japan.
The investment needed to retrofit refineries had also grown harder to justify as an ageing, shrinking population generated less demand, he said.
From mid-March, Tokyo began releasing 80 million barrels of oil, equivalent to roughly 45 days of demand, in the largest-ever withdrawal from its strategic reserves. The government also rolled out subsidies in a bid to cap petrol prices at 170 yen (HK$8.40) per litre – some 20 yen lower than the record highs seen last month.
Such measures could cushion the blow, said energy finance specialist Michiyo Miyamoto of the US-based Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. “But they do not address the root cause of vulnerability and if the crisis persists, they will become increasingly costly and fiscally unsustainable.”
“Prolonged reliance” on fossil fuel subsidies was also in direct conflict with Japan’s stated commitment to phasing hydrocarbons out, she added.
A further release from Japan’s strategic oil reserve equivalent to 20 days of demand is under consideration for May and the government is also reportedly preparing requests for businesses and households to curb electricity and fuel consumption.
While encouraging conservation made sense, Takahashi cautioned that the government needed to guard against a scenario in which “restraining economic activity leads to a deterioration in the economy”.
Hormuz exceptions
Tokyo was initially hesitant to accept Iran’s offer, with Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi telling local media on March 22 that Japan was instead focused on ensuring “conditions where everyone can pass”.
On Wednesday, Prime Minister Takaichi said she had urged Iran’s President Masoud Pezeshkian to ensure the safety of vessels sailing through the strait during a 25-minute phone call, in which she also welcomed the ceasefire agreement.
Energy policy analyst Takahashi said Japan had been wary of engaging in direct negotiations with Iran while the conflict with the US was ongoing, for fear of undermining its relationship with Washington.
Yet that same alliance with the world’s leading oil-and-gas supplier has also helped softened the energy shock, according to Nakano.
Tokyo has turned to Washington in recent weeks for naphtha – a liquid hydrocarbon mixture used as a petrol additive and to manufacture plastics – to cover shortfalls from the Middle East, for example.
The US is also one of Japan’s top five suppliers of liquefied natural gas, which accounted for roughly 32 per cent of Japan’s power generation in 2024, according to Bakshi – despite making up less than 21 per cent of total energy supply that year.
LNG, a processed gas used mainly for electricity and heating, burns cleaner than oil or coal, but cannot be stored long-term without significant losses to evaporation.
Japan has no pipelines for importing oil and gas, so is entirely dependent on tanker deliveries – the bulk of which come from Australia, supplying over 40 per cent of its needs – and limited terminal storage to sustain LNG power generation.
“This structural reliance on uninterrupted global supply chains increases vulnerability to geopolitical disruptions,” Bakshi said.
Restarting reactors
Analysts say achieving that will require action on decisions that Tokyo has long deferred, with restarting more nuclear reactors being one of the most consequential.
Refinery upgrades are equally urgent. Takahashi argued that Japan should expand its procurement of more expensive crude from the US and Canada in a bid to reduce the Middle East’s share of Japan’s oil mix “to below 70 per cent”.
“The government should also provide financial support for the refinery upgrades needed to make this possible,” he said, adding that turning to Russian oil would not be “appropriate” given Tokyo’s continued support for Ukraine.
Accelerating the shift to electric and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles would also help trim long-term petroleum demand.
On the supply side, Bakshi said Japan might increasingly turn to spot LNG markets to cover shortfalls – though she cautioned that spot markets were far more volatile and expensive than long-term contracts, with buyers facing fierce competition during exactly the kind of crises that Japan was now experiencing.
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Japan does have one well-worn tool in reserve: energy conservation campaigns. After Fukushima, the government launched setsuden (“saving electricity”) drives to reduce consumption. Similar appeals may follow if the current crisis drags on.
But Bakshi said such a push could hit a hard ceiling: “Japan is already one of the world’s most energy-efficient economies, which means the scope for additional household conservation may be relatively limited.”
Looking ahead, Bakshi said Japan was likely to combine “diplomacy, supply diversification and domestic energy transition” to buffer against future shocks – a strategy already visible in its recent international engagements.
Miyamoto framed the current crisis as both a challenge and an opportunity, but noted that Japan’s public finance institutions had historically directed far more funding to fossil fuels than to clean energy across Asia.
Roughly 31 per cent of agreements under the Japan-proposed Asia Zero Emission Community involve fossil fuel technologies, despite it purportedly being designed to facilitate net-zero energy transitions across the region.
Of the 49 new agreements signed with Southeast Asian partners last October, meanwhile, 30 per cent involved fossil fuels against just 22 per cent for renewables.
That matters, because the crisis is already reshaping energy strategy across the region. From the Philippines and Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, supply insecurity is accelerating a push towards renewables not as an environmental aspiration but as a matter of national energy security, according to Miyamoto.
The region will need around US$190 billion in clean energy investment and US$300 billion in grid infrastructure by 2035, according to a 2024 International Energy Agency report.
“Japan has the capital, technology and regional relationships to help meet that demand, if it chooses to,” Miyamoto said.
“The question now is whether it will extend that leadership to clean energy, or remain anchored to a strategy this crisis has once again exposed as structurally fragile.”